Is it possible to make adjustments to these galleries?
Yes, absolutely.
The demo galleries are just examples of what can be achieved. They are not the only layouts that can be used.
You can use any or all of the available Configuration Options to customize your gallery as you like.
For example the pro top has the thumbs on the right and on my screen uses only the left half of the screen not centred or using full screen.
That's just because the gallery has fixed dimensions of 1000px x 1000px. You can choose the width and height for your own gallery using either fixed pixel values or percentages (of the gallery's parent container) and choose where to position the gallery on your own web page.
Can the thumbs be on the left...
Yes. Set thumbsPosition="LEFT". You can then also set maxThumbColumns and maxThumbRows.
A complete list of all Thumbnail Options can be found here.
... and can the gallery comprise the whole screen?
Yes. You just set your galleryWidth and galleryHeight to both be 100% (and make sure that there is no other content on your web page).
The simple gallery leaves a lot of space between the thumbs and the main image which seems small, again are these spaces and size adjustable?
The Simple demo actually uses quite small images (the first image is only 640px x 415px) and the default value of imageScaleMode="SCALE_DOWN", which scales donw large images (if necessary) but does not scale up small images.
If you were creating a gallery of your own, you could use larger images or set imageScaleMode="SCALE" to reduce the space between the thumbnails and the main images.
Depending on gallery dimensions and page layouts, Juicebox galleries are usually responsive and the gallery elements are positioned automatically depending on the size and shape of the gallery (which can often be determined by the size and shape of the user's browser window). For this reason, it is not possible to specify exact dimensions for gaps between gallery elements.