No. The 'juicebox.js' file is obfuscated and cannot be modified.
Here is a working example where the value of the cookie is actually the URL you would like the Back Button to open.
Paste the following code into a JavaScript file named 'cookie.js' and place it in your gallery folder:
function createCookie(name, value)
{
    document.cookie=name+"="+escape(value)+"; path=/";
}
function readCookie(name)
{
    var re=new RegExp("(?:^|;)\\s?"+name+"=(.*?)(?:;|$)", "i"), result=document.cookie.match(re), output=null;
    if (result!=null)
    {
        output=unescape(result[1]);
    }
    return output;
}
function eraseCookie(name)
{
    var d=new Date();
    document.cookie=name+"=; path=/; expires="+d.toUTCString();
}
Now use the following code as your gallery's 'index.html' file.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <title>Juicebox-Pro Gallery</title>
        <meta charset="utf-8" />
        <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
        <script src="cookie.js"></script>
        <script>
            function backButton() {
                var value = readCookie('test');
                eraseCookie('test');
                document.location.href = value;
            }
        </script>
        <style type="text/css">
            body {
                margin: 0px;
            }
        </style>
    </head>
    <body>
        <!--START JUICEBOX EMBED-->
        <script src="jbcore/juicebox.js"></script>
        <script>
            new juicebox({
                containerId : 'juicebox-container'
            });
        </script>
        <div id="juicebox-container"></div>
        <!--END JUICEBOX EMBED-->
    </body>
</html>
Use the following code as your main page (which sets the cookie) and place it in your gallery folder:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <title>Back Button Cookie Test</title>
        <meta charset="utf-8" />
        <script src="cookie.js"></script>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div>
            <a href="index.html" onclick="javascript: createCookie('test', 'http://www.juicebox.net/'); return true;">Click here to open gallery and set cookie to open Juicebox home page.</a>
            <br />
            <a href="index.html" onclick="javascript: createCookie('test', 'http://www.simpleviewer.net/'); return true;">Click here to open gallery and set cookie to open SimpleViewer home page.</a>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
Finally, set the following configuration options in your gallery's XML file:
backButtonUrl="javascript: backButton();"
backButtonPosition="TOP"