Try installing another AIR application from a different source/author to see if this installs correctly or fails.
There are some sample AIR applications on this Adobe page: http://www.adobe.com/devnet/air/samples_javascript.html
This should tell us if there is an underlying problem with Adobe AIR on your system or if the problem is isolated to JuiceboxBuilder-Lite on your system.
If you are unable to install any AIR applications, then perhaps searching through and posting in the Adobe AIR forum might prove useful: https://forums.adobe.com/community/air
If you can install other AIR applications but JuiceboxBuilder-Lite fails to install, then please double-check that all JuiceboxBuilder-Lite files (from any failed installs) have been deleted from your system before reattempting the installation.
Make sure that none of the following folders exist:
C:\Program Files (x86)\JuiceboxBuilder-Lite
C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\Adobe\AIR\ELS\JuiceboxBuilder-Lite
C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\JuiceboxBuilder-Lite
C:\Users\Username\Documents\JuiceboxBuilder-Lite
You may need to show hidden files to find some of the above locations in Windows Explorer.
Then, search your hard drive for the term 'JuiceboxBuilder' and delete any and all entries found.
Adobe released AIR v17.0 on 12 March 2015 so you might like to try updating AIR (if you have not already done so) to see if this makes a difference.
Also, have you tried creating a new User Account and installing JuiceboxBuilder-Pro under the new account to see if this works?