I have gone with a setting of Max image Size of 1024x768 and let it resize my images down from the larger files I have started with.
This sounds ideal. When creating a gallery with JuiceboxBuilder-Pro using the default settings (of 1024px x 768px at 80% quality), the resulting images will be approximately 120KB each.
This is usually a good compromise between file size and image quality for web gallery use.
By doing so isn't it discarding any excessive resolution that is not needed to support more than that?
That is correct.
Is there anything that should be done to assist with faster download times without sacrificing too much visual quality?
The default settings usually work well for most images (and it sounds like you are happy with your own results) but you may want to tweak the quality setting (on JuiceboxBuilder-Pro's 'Images -> Image Size -> Change...' section) if your resized images do not look visually pleasing.
You could also try changing the imagePreloading configuration option (in JuiceboxBuilder-Pro's 'Customize -> Main Image' section) from the default value of 'PAGE' to either 'NEXT' or 'NONE' to prevent the browser from initially caching all the main images on the first thumbnail page. This should speed up the initial loading of your gallery if it seems slow.
However, if your gallery loads quite quickly already, you may not need to do this and keeping imagePreloading="PAGE" may be beneficial.